Sloth Tanah Purba Madina 4 3

Sloth bones and claws

All four species of ground sloth had very large claws and small, blunt teeth. They all were herbivores and probably used the teeth for browsing on trees and shrubs. The shape of their hip bones indicates that they could stand up on their hind legs. This would allow them to reach high up into trees for the best leaves and twigs.

The bone on the left is the finger bone (phalanx) that supports the claw on the thumb of a Jefferson's ground sloth. The specimen on the right is a tooth, also from a Jefferson's ground sloth.

Both of these specimens were recovered from Heinze Cave, Jefferson County, Missouri. Radiocarbon dating indicates that both specimens are more than 40,000 years old.

All four species of ground sloth became extinct in North America approximately 10,000 years ago. The reason for their extinction is being studied by paleontologists.

What do sloth bears eat?

Despite being in the order Carnivora, sloth bears are myrmecophagous, meaning they consume termites and ants. Occasionally, during monsoon season, they are known to dine on fruit in trees such as mango, fig, ebony, etc., as well as flowers. Termites, ants, beetles, and other insects are also of interest to sloth bears year-round, and they are 95% of their diet.

Aside from digging out mounds, they are capable climbers and can climb trees to knock down honeycombs to collect the honey from the ground.

Scientists study sloth bears around India through GPS collars that communicate through satellites and allow them to collect data from the exact location of the animals at any given time. Scientists have studied and collected data on sloth bear attacks, threats to sloth bears, sloth bear denning, relocation of sloth bears, and sloth bear densities. The sloth bear is the least studied and understood bear in the Indian subcontinent.

Here at SloCo, we similarly study sloths through VHF/GPS collars, backpacks, and data loggers. VHF and GPS collars allow scientists to locate sloths and collect information about the sloth and its habitat.

The overall goal of scientists studying sloths is the same for sloth bears: to ensure long-term survival, conservation, and coexistence.

Challenges and threats

Both sloth bears and sloths have their own unique set of challenges in the wild. Sloth bears, for example, face deforestation and habitat loss. Forests are cleared for agriculture and urban settlements, resulting in sloth bears losing their home and food sources. Poachers are also an issue since sloth bears’ claws and gallbladders are sold illegally in the wildlife trade business since they are highly valued for medicine and ornamental purposes.

Sloths, both two-fingered and three-fingered, face similar challenges. In the tropical rainforests of Central and South America, rainforests are cut down for logging and converted into farmland and pastures; sloths lose both their homes and food supplies.

Both sloth bears and sloths are grappling with the impacts of human activities that threaten their survival. While each species faces unique challenges based on where and how they live, there is a common thread: most of the hurdles they encounter in the wild can be traced back to human actions.

Sloth Ranges, Then and Now

This map shows some of the important ground sloth finds in the region. Green dots represent Jefferson's ground sloth finds, and yellow triangles represent Harlan's ground sloth finds.

More information on Ground Sloths can be found at the La Brea Tarpits Web site, and at the Academy of Natural Sciences Museum.

Sloth bears….and sloths and bears

Sloth bears got their name in 1791 by English zoologist George Shaw, who encountered the bear and believed the species was related to actual sloths since they shared similar traits, naming them “bear sloths”. Shaw named them Bradypus ursinus, which means something like ‘slow feet bear,’ using the family name of three-fingered sloths, the Genus Bradypus.

The sloth bear goes by many different names throughout the region depending on the language, and once Europeans got involved, the name changed once again. Confusion over whether the bear is a bear or a sloth made it challenging for scientists to classify it under the Latin-based binomial naming system. Once it was indeed determined that it was a bear, they changed the Genus but kept the common name, so “bear sloth” changed to “sloth bear.”

The modern scientific name of the sloth bear, Melursus ursinus, combines Greek and Latin elements. “Melursus” is derived from the Greek “melas” (meaning “black”) and the Latin “ursus” (meaning “bear”), referring to the bear’s dark fur. The specific name “ursinus,” from Latin, translates to “bear-like.”

To add more confusion to the subject, the most common name for sloths in Latin America is ‘oso perezoso’, which means, as you might guess, sloth bear.

Conservation Status of Sloths and Sloth Bears

IUCN is the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Under their Red List of Threatened Species, sloth bears are listed as vulnerable as of 2016 during their last assessment. Their population is decreasing, with an estimated of fewer than 20,000 individuals spread across the Indian subcontinent.

Some sloth species are in a similar situation; IUCN has the Maned Sloth listed as vulnerable with the population decreasing. Pygmy Sloths are listed as critically endangered, with a population size of around 2,000-2,500 individuals.

The Brown-Throated Sloth is listed as Least Concern, though there is evidence indicating the population is decreasing as well; for this reason, it is urgent to determine the species’ population trends.

Reconstruction of Harlan's Ground Sloth

Harlan's ground sloth is reconstructed as looking quite similar to Jefferson's, but was a grazing form. This reconstruction of a Harlan's ground sloth is in the museum at Mastodon State Historic Site near Kimmswick, Missouri. The Historic Site is located at the Kimmswick Site. This archaeological site is one of the most intriguing sites known dating from the time of the Clovis people.

Evidence found at the Kimmswick Site has been used by some researchers to suggest that the Clovis People may have used the hides of the Harlan's ground sloth (Graham and Kay, 1988).

Ground sloths were large relatives of the modern two-toed sloths (Choloepus spp.) and three-toed sloths (Bradypus spp.). Unlike modern sloths, which spend most of their time in trees, the ground sloths spent all of their time on the ground. This is fortunate because Jefferson's and Harlan's ground sloth were each about the size of an ox.

How Slothy are Sloth Bears?

Sloth bears adapt their sleep cycle to their environment, which may be a nocturnal, diurnal, or crepuscular schedule depending on other bears, people, or predators in their habitat. Sloth bears may forage for food at night and sleep during the day to avoid potential conflicts with humans. They typically sleep 10 to 14 hours a day and do not hibernate.

Sloths, contrary to popular belief, do not sleep more than the average 10 to 12 hours, and from our last published research, we know that their activity varies depending on the individual and even differs across the same population; some sloths are more diurnal, others nocturnal.

Are sloth bears related to sloths?

Contrary to their name, sloth bears and sloths are not closely related, and both belong to entirely different taxonomic orders and families with unique evolutionary histories. For example, sloth bears belong to the order Carnivora, which includes mammals such as dogs, cats, seals, and bears. Within this order, they are also under Ursidae or Bear family.

The name “sloth bear” comes from the bear’s slow-moving behavior and long claws, like a sloth, which led early zoologists and taxonomists to draw parallels between them. However, this similarity is due to convergent evolution, where unrelated species independently develop similar traits in response to similar environments.

Despite these surface resemblances, sloth bears and sloths are genetically and taxonomically distant as well as having strikingly different evolutionary paths.

Sloths, unlike sloth bears, belong to the order Pilosa, sharing it with anteaters and armadillos. Over millions of years, sloths have adapted to a slow-paced arboreal lifestyle, developing features like long arms, curved claws, and a slow metabolism to thrive in treetop habitats where they perform various activities, including eating, sleeping, mating, and giving birth.

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Finally, sloth bears! We seized the opportunity to compare sloths and sloth bears to clarify the confusion surrounding their common names and delve into their lifestyles, the threats they face, and ways we can help in their conservation!